Method for determining placement of components in rack

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment of a computer implemented method of determining placement of components in a rack, a rack height, a set of components to be placed in the rack, and a height are provided for each of the components. A placement of the components in the rack is determined according to constraints. The placement of the components is then evaluated according to an objective. The constraints may comprise a rack height constraint, a single placement constraint, and a non-overlapping constraint. The rack height constraint ensures that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height. The single placement constraint ensures that each component is placed once and only once. The non-overlapping constraint ensures that each slot in the rack is occupied by no more than a single component. The method may further comprise providing a weight and a weight distribution for each component in the set of components. In this embodiment, the objective comprises seeking a minimum height for a center of gravity of the components.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of determining placement of computer components in a rack. More particularly, this invention relates to the field of determining placement of computer components in a rack where the placement is determined using a computer implemented method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Computer components are placed into racks, which are placed in computer rooms. Choice of the racks, assignment of the computer components to particular racks, and assignment of the components to particular slots in a particular rack involves weighing different objectives and considering a number of technological, ergonomic, and esthetic constraints. In the prior art, these decisions are made by human specialists. Disadvantages of this approach are that it is time consuming and may not find a near optimum solution.

What is needed is a method of automating a determination of placement of components in a rack.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a computer implemented method of determining placement of components in a rack. In one embodiment, a rack height, a set of components to be placed in the rack, and a height are provided for each of the components. A placement of the components in the rack is determined according to constraints. The placement of the components is then evaluated according to an objective.

The constraints may comprise a rack height constraint, a single placement constraint, and a non-overlapping constraint. The rack height constraint ensures that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height. The single placement constraint ensures that each component is placed once and only once. The non-overlapping constraint ensures that each slot in the rack is occupied by no more than a single component.

The method may further comprise providing a weight and a weight distribution for each component in the set of components. In this embodiment, the objective comprises seeking a minimum height for a center of gravity of the components.

These and other aspects of the present invention are described in more detail herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described with respect to particular exemplary embodiments thereof and reference is accordingly made to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a rack according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates typical components for placement in the rack according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart of a method of determining placement of components in the rack according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a computer for implementing the method of determining placement of the components in the rack according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention is a computer implemented method for determining placement of components in a rack. Preferably, the placement of the components in the rack is performed as part of a larger computer implemented method, which begins with a large set of components that are to be placed in a plurality of racks and which determines a rack selection and a rack assignment in addition to determining the placement of the components in each of the racks. The rack selection determines which rack sizes are needed and a quantity for each of the rack sizes. The rack assignment determines which of the large set of components are to be placed in each of the racks. The rack selection and the rack assignment are the subject of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/289,662 filed on Nov. 6, 2002, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Designing the Racking and Wiring Configurations for Pieces of Hardware,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the computer implemented method of determining placement of the components in the rack is performed as a stand alone computer implemented method.

An exemplary rack is illustrated in FIG. 1. The rack 100 comprises a rack height 102 and a plurality of slots, 104A . . . 104J. Typical components that might be placed in the rack are illustrated in FIG. 2. The typical components 200 include a computer 202, a display 204, a keyboard 206, a storage device 208, a disk array 210, a tape device 212, a hub 214, a switch 216, a router 218, a fan 220, an air duct 222, a telephone 224, an I/O component 226, a power supply 228, and a cooling unit 230.

A preferred method according to an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated as a block diagram in FIG. 3. The preferred method 300 includes first through third steps, 302, 304, and 306. In the first step 302, a set of input values are provided. The input values may include the rack height 102, a set of components to be placed in a particular rack, and, for each component in the set of components, a height, a weight, and a weight distribution. In the second step 304, a placement of the components is determined according to constraints. The constraints may include not allowing a top height of a component to exceed a rack height, ensuring that each of the components is placed once and only once, and ensuring that none of the slots, 204A . . . 204J, is occupied by more than one component. In the third step 306, the placement of the components is evaluated according to an objective. The objective may be, for example, to obtain a minimum height for a center of gravity. Other examples of possible objectives include placing penalties on soft constraints and attempting to minimize the total penalties, or maximizing the space around a particular component, such as where the component generates significant heat. As yet another example, it may be desired to minimize the number of free slots so that the design is contiguous as possible.

In the computer implemented method, the second and third steps, 304 and 306, preferably employ a mixed integer programming technique. The mixed integer programming technique iteratively performs the second and third steps, 304 and 306, in seeking the objective (e.g., the minimum for the center of gravity). Preferably, the mixed integer programming technique provides a heuristic solution which determines the placement of the components having a low center of gravity but not necessarily a minimum center of gravity. Alternatively, the mixed integer programming technique employs an exact solution technique which provides the minimum center of gravity. Alternatively, the mixed integer programming technique provides a satisfying solution which finds the placement of the components which provides the center of gravity that does not exceed a particular height such as half the rack height 102.

An embodiment of a computer for implementing the preferred method 300 is illustrated schematically in FIG. 4. The computer 400 includes input/output devices 402, a processing unit 404, a memory 406, and a storage device 408. The input/output devices 402 are coupled to the processing unit 404. The processing unit 404 is coupled to the memory 406. The method 300 begins with the provision of the input values, the constraints, and the objective, which may be stored in the memory 406. The processing unit 404 then performs the second and third steps, 304 and 306, of determining and evaluating the placement of the components. Finally, the placement of the components is provided via the input/output devices 402.

In an embodiment of the present invention, computer code resides on a computer readable memory, which may be read into the computer 400 by one of the input/output devices 404. Alternatively, the computer readable memory comprises the memory 406 or the storage device 408. The computer code provides instructions for the processing unit 404 to perform a method of the present invention. The computer readable memory may be selected from a group consisting of a disk, a tape, a memory chip, or other computer readable memory.

It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the constraints of the preferred method 300 may be described as hard constraints and the objective may be described as a soft constraint or as a sum of soft constraints.

A first alternative method of the present invention adds a height preference constraint to the preferred method 300. The height preference constraint provides that if first and second components are to be placed in a particular rack that the first component be placed above the second component.

A second alternative method of the present invention allows a relaxation of the constraints of the preferred method 300. For example, if it is found that all of the constraints cannot be met, the second alternative method provides a list of particular constraints which cannot be met and provides a choice to a user of which of the particular constraints should be relaxed. Upon selection of the particular constraint to be relaxed, the second alternative method determines the placement of the components in the rack.

A third alternative method of the present invention adds a height range to the input values for a particular component. The height range imposes the condition that the particular component be placed within the height range of a minimum height and a maximum height. Examples for the height range include placement of the particular component within a top half of the rack 100, within a bottom half of the rack 100, or within a middle section of the rack 100. A fourth alternative method of the present invention allows the height range to be relaxed for one or more components. Preferably, when the height range is relaxed a height range penalty is added to the objective. For example, the penalty may be added to the center of gravity with the relaxed height range making it less optimum than the same center of gravity without the relaxed height range. Alternatively, no penalty is applied for relaxing the height range constraint.

A fifth alternative method of the present invention adds an empty space requirement to the input values for a particular component. The empty space requirement includes an empty space requirement above the particular component, an empty space requirement below the particular component, or an empty space both above and below the particular component.

A sixth alternative method of the present invention allows relaxation of the empty space requirement of the fifth alternative method. Preferably, when the empty space requirement is relaxed for one or more components, an empty space penalty is applied to the objective. Alternatively, the empty space penalty is not applied to the objective.

A seventh alternative method of the present invention adds a contiguous placement constraint to the preferred method 300. When certain components are within the set of components to be placed in the rack, the contiguous placement constraint requires that the certain components be placed contiguously.

A first implementation according to an embodiment of the present invention includes first input values, first decision variables, first constraints, and a first objective.

Exemplary first input values are provided in Table 1. TABLE 1 First Input Values Description RackHeight Number of slots in a rack Boxes Set of components referred to as boxes Height_(b) Height of each component in units of slots where b ∈ Boxes Weight_(b) Weight of each component WeightDist_(b) Vertical center of gravity of each component where WeightDist_(b) ∈ [0, 1] HtUb_(b) Upper placement height for a particular component HtLb_(b) Lower placement height for the particular component HtUbHard_(b) Hard upper placement height for the particular component HtLbHard_(b) Hard lower placement height for the particular component SpaceAbove_(b) Number of free slots above the particular component SpaceBelow_(b) Number of free slots below a particular component

If the vertical center of gravity is near a bottom the component, WeightDist_(b) is near 0. If the vertical center of gravity is near a top of the component, WeightDist_(b) is near 1. It will be apparent that these assignments of values to indicate the location of the center of gravity for components are arbitrary and that other assignments could be used.

The first decision variables may include an indicator for whether a component base (i.e., the bottom of a component) occupies a particular slot in the rack, a height of the component base in the particular slot, an indicator for whether a first component is above a second component, a center of gravity variable, variables for relaxation of upper and lower limits for height of a particular component, and variables for relaxation of empty space requirements above and below a particular component.

The indicator for whether the component base occupies the particular slot in the rack is BoxInSlot_(b,sl)ε{0, 1} where bεBoxes and slε[RackHeight]. BoxInSlot_(b,sl) is one if and only if the base of component b is in slot sl. If BoxInSlot_(b,sl)=1, then component b occupies slots sl, . . . , sl+Height_(b)−1. Throughout this document, [n] denotes the set of integers between 1 and n.

The height of the component base in the particular slot is BoxAtHeight_(b)∈[RackHeight] where bεBoxes. BoxAtHeight_(b) is the number of the slot for the base of the component b.

The indicator for whether the first component is above the second component is Above_(b1,b2)ε{0, 1} where b_(1,b2) E Boxes. Above_(b1,b2) is one if and only if component b₁ is physically racked above component b₂.

The center of gravity variable is CenterOfGravity, which is the location of the vertical center of gravity for the rack holding the components Boxes.

The variables for relaxation of upper and lower limits for the height of the particular component are RelaxBoxHeightUb_(b)≧0 and RelaxBoxHeightLb_(b)≧0 where bεBoxes.

The variables for relaxation of hard upper and lower limits for the height of the particular component are RelaxHardBoxHeightUb_(b)≧0 and RelaxHardBoxHeightLb_(b)≧0 where bεBoxes.

The variables for relaxation of the empty space requirements above and below the particular component are RelaxSpaceAbove_(b)≧0 and RelaxSpaceBelow_(b)≧0 where bεBoxes.

The decision variables BoxAtHeight_(b) and BoxInSlot_(b,sl) may be correlated by ${{BoxAtHeight}_{b} = {\sum\limits_{sl}^{\quad}\quad{sl}}}{\cdot {BoxInSlot}_{b,{sl}}}$ where slε[RackHeight], for all bεBoxes.

The decision variable Above_(b1,b2) may be given by BoxAtHeight _(b1)+(1−Above _(b1,b2))·RackHeight≧BoxAtHeight _(b2) where Above_(b1,b2)+Above_(b2,b1)=1 for all distinct b₁, b₂εBoxes and Aboveb,b=0.

The decision variables RelaxSpaceBelow_(b) and RelaxSpaceAbove_(b) may be limited by RelaxSpaceBelow_(b)≦SpaceBelow_(b) and RelaxSpaceAbove_(b)≦SpaceAbove_(b) for all bεBoxes.

The first constraints include a single placement constraint, a rack height and empty space constraint, an upper non-overlapping constraint, a lower non-overlapping constraint, and a height range constraint.

The single placement constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{sl}^{\quad}\quad{BoxInSlot}_{b,{sl}}} = 1},{{sl} \in \lbrack{RackHeight}\rbrack}$ where bεBoxes. This ensures that each component b is placed once and only once.

The rack height and empty space constraint may be given by SpaceBelow _(b) −RelaxSpaceBelow _(b)+1≦BoxAtHeight _(b) ≦RackHeight−Height _(b)−(SpaceAbove _(b) −RelaxSpaceBelow _(b)) for all bεBoxes. This ensures that the top height of component b does not exceed the height of the rack and incorporates the empty space requirements above and below the component b while allowing for relaxation of the empty space requirements.

The upper non-overlapping constraint may be given by BoxAtHeight _(b2)+2·RackHeight·(1−Above _(b2,b1))≧BoxAtHeight _(b1) +Height _(b1) +SpaceAbove _(b1) −RelaxSpaceAbove _(b1) for all distinct b₁, b₂εBoxes, which ensures that the height of component b₁ plus the empty space above the component b₁ does not overlap the base of component b₂. This is trivially satisfied except when b₂ is above b₁, in which case the slot assigned to component b₂ must exceed the slot assigned to component b₁ plus the number of free slots allocated above component b₁.

The lower non-overlapping constraint may be given by BoxAtHeight _(b1)+2·RackHeight·(1−Above _(b1,b2))≧BoxAtHeight _(b2) +Height _(b2) +SpaceBelow _(b1) −RelaxSpaceBelow _(b1) for all distinct b₁, b₂ε Boxes, which ensures that neither the base of the component b₁ nor the space below the component b₁ overlaps a top of the component b₂. This is trivially satisfied except when b₁ is above b₂, in which case the slot assigned to component b₁ must exceed the slot assigned to component b₂ plus the number of free slots allocated below the component b₁. In the exemplary upper and lower non-lapping constraints given above, the constant 2 may be replaced with any larger constant.

The height range constraints may be given by HtLb _(b) −RelaxBoxHeightLb _(b) ≦BoxAtHeight _(b) ≦HtUb _(b) +RelaxBoxHeightUb _(b) and HtLbHard _(b) −RelaxHardBoxHeightLb _(b) ≦BoxAtHeight _(b) ≦HtUbHard _(b) +RelaxHardBoxHeightUb _(b) for all b ε Boxes

The first objective is to minimize the center of gravity which may be given by ${CenterOfGravity} + {10^{5} \cdot {\sum\limits_{b \in {Boxes}}^{\quad}\quad\left( {{{Relax}\quad{SpaceAbove}_{b}} + {RelaxSpaceBelow}_{b}} \right)}} + {10^{6} \cdot \quad{\sum\limits_{b \in {Boxes}}^{\quad}\left( {{RelaxBoxHeightUb}_{b} + {RelaxBoxHeightLb}_{b}} \right)}} + {10^{7} \cdot {\sum\limits_{b \in {Boxes}}^{\quad}\left( {{RelaxHardBoxHeightUb}_{b} + {RelaxHardBoxHeightLb}_{b}} \right)}}$ where b ε Boxes, and ${CenterOfGravity} = {\sum\limits_{b,{sl}}^{\quad}\quad{{BoxInSlot}_{b,{sl}} \cdot {Weight}_{b} \cdot \quad{\left( {{sl} + {{Height}_{b} \cdot {WeightDist}_{b,}}} \right).}}}$ and where the constants 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷ are exemplary and, thus, may be replaced with other constants.

A second implementation according to an embodiment of the present invention may include second input values, a second decision variable, second constraints, and a second objective. For notation purposes in the second implementation, b indicates a component and s indicates a slot in the rack where a top slot in the rack is numbered s=1 and a bottom slot in the rack is numbered s=number of slots in the rack, though different values may be assigned to indicate the position of a slot (e.g., the slots may instead be numbered from bottom-to-top). In the second implementation, components are divided into component sets B_(k) according to component height k. The second implementation differs from the first implementation in two ways. First, it use it uses fewer input values. Second, it avoids using the variable BoxAtHeight_(b), an integer variable, and instead uses a location variable, which is a binary variable.

The second input values are given in Table 2.

Table 2 TABLE 2 Second Input Values Description H Number of slots in a rack K Maximum height of a component, assume K < H B_(k) Set of components of height k where k = 1, 2, . . . , K Weight_(b) Weight of each component b where b ∈ U_(k) B_(k) WeightDist_(b) Vertical center of gravity of each component where WeightDist_(b) ∈ [0, 1]

The second decision variable comprises the location variable, which may be given by X_(k)(b, s)ε{0,1}, where X_(k)(b, s)=1 if component b occupies slot s and X_(k)(b, s)=0 otherwise. If a base of the component b occupies the slot s, the location variable X_(k)(b, s)=1 for slots s, s−1, . . . , s−k+1.

The second constraints may include not allowing a top of height of a component to extend above the rack, ensuring that each component is placed once and only once, and ensuring that a slot is occupied by no more than a single component.

The constraint of not allowing a top of height of a component to extend above the rack may be given by X ₂(b, 1)=0 for all bεB₂ X ₃(b, 1)=X ₃(b, 2)=0 for all bεB₃ . . . X _(k)(b, 1)=X _(k)(b, 2)= . . . =X(b, k−1 )=0 for all bεB_(k).

The constraint of ensuring that each component is placed once and only once may be given by ${\sum\limits_{s = 1}^{H}\quad{X_{k}\left( {b,s} \right)}} = {{1\quad{for}\quad{all}\quad b} \in {\bigcup_{k}{B_{k}.}}}$

The constraint of ensuring that a slot is occupied by no more than a single component is provided by slot. For the first slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}\quad{X_{1}\left( {b,1} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}{X_{2}\left( {b,2} \right)}} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)}}} \leq 1$ For the second slot, the constraint may be given by ${\left. \left. {{{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X\left( {b,2} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,2} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,3} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{3}}^{\quad}{\left\lbrack {{X_{3}\left( {b,2} \right)} + X_{3}} \right)b}}},3} \right) \right\rbrack + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{k + 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \leq 1$ For the third slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X_{1}\left( {b,3} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,3} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,4} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{3}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{3}\left( {b,3} \right)} + {X_{3}\left( {b,4} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {X_{3}\left( {b,5} \right)} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{k + 1}} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{k + 2}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \leq 1$ For the sth slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X_{1}\left( {b,s} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,s} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,{s + 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,s} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{s + 1}} \right)} + \ldots + {X_{k}\left( {b,{s + k - 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \leq 1.$

The second objective is to minimize the center of gravity C which may be given by ${\min\quad C} = {\underset{k = 1}{\overset{\quad}{\sum\limits^{K}}}{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}{\sum\limits_{s = 1}^{H}\quad{\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,s} \right)} \cdot {{Weight}_{b}\left( {s + {k \cdot {WeightDist}_{b}}} \right)}} \right\rbrack.}}}}$

A third implementation adds height constraints to the second implementation. The third implementation includes third input values, third decision variables, and the height constraints.

The additional input values are given in Table 3. TABLE 3 Third Input Values Description HtUb_(b) Soft upper placement height for a particular component HtLb_(b) Soft lower placement height for the particular component HtUbHard_(b) Hard upper placement height for the particular component HtLbHard_(b) Hard lower placement height for the particular component

The third decision variables include RelaxHtUb_(b) and RelaxHtLb_(b), which are relaxation variables for the soft upper and lower placement heights, HtUb_(b) and HtLb_(b), respectively.

The height constraints include soft height constraints and hard height constraints. The soft height constraints are given by X_(k)(b, s)=0 for s<HtUb_(b)−RelaxHtUb_(b) and s>HtLb_(b)+RelaxHtLb_(b). Note that since the slots s are numbered from the top of the rack, upper bounds are given by s being less than the upper bounds and lower bounds are given by s exceeding the lower bounds. For the soft height constraints, a penalty term is added to the second objective according to the sum of RelaxHtUb_(b) and RelaxHtLb_(b).

The hard height constraints may be given by X_(k)(b, s)=0 for s<HtUbHard_(b) and s>HtLbHard_(b).

A fourth implementation adds the contiguous placement constraint to the second implementation. When certain components are within the set of components to be placed in the rack, the contiguous placement constraint requires that the certain components be placed contiguously. In the fourth implementation, a pre-placement solution may be used to provide a relative placement for the certain components and forms them into a new single component. Then, the second implementation may be used to provide a placement solution for the new single component and remaining components.

A fifth implementation adds a relative height constraint to the second implementation. The relative height constraint ensures that a first component b₁ having a first component height k₁ is closer to the top of the rack than a second component b₂ having a second component height k₂. The relative height constraint may be given by: X _(k1)(b ₁, 1)≦X _(k2)(b ₂, 1) X _(k1)(b ₁, 1)+X _(k1)(b ₁, 2)≦X _(k2)(b ₂, 1)+X _(k2)(b ₂, 2) . . . X _(k1)(b ₁, 1)+X _(k1)(b ₁, 2)+ . . . +X _(k1)(b ₁ , H−1)≦X _(k2)(b ₂, 1)+X _(k2)(b ₂, 2)+ . . . +X _(k2)(b ₂ , H−1)

-   -   where H is the height of the rack.

A sixth implementation adds empty space requirements to the second implementation. The sixth implementation includes fourth input values, a fourth decision variable, and empty space constraints.

The fourth input values are given in Table 4. TABLE 4 Fourth Input Values Description SpaceAbove_(b) Number of free slots above the particular component SpaceBelow_(b) Number of free slots below a particular component

The fourth decision variable comprises a free slot variable Z(s) where Z(s)=1 if the slot s is unoccupied and Z(s)=0 otherwise.

The sixth implementation modifies the second implementation's constraint of ensuring that a slot is occupied by no more than a single component. The sixth implementation replaces this constraint with a constraint ensuring that a slot is occupied by either a single component or by an empty slot. For the first slot the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X_{1}\left( {b,1} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}{X_{2}\left( {b,2} \right)}} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)}} + {Z(1)}} = 1$ For the second slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}\quad{X_{1}\left( {b,2} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\quad\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,2} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,3} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + \text{}{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{3}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{3}\left( {b,2} \right)} + {X_{3}\left( {b,3} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}{{\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{k + 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack++}{Z(2)}}}} = 1$ For the third slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X_{1}\left( {b,3} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,3} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,4} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{3}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{3}\left( {b,3} \right)} + {X_{3}\left( {b,4} \right)} + {X_{3}\left( {b,5} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,k} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,k,{+ 1}} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{k + 2}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {Z(3)}} = 1$ For the sth slot, the constraint may be given by ${{\sum\limits_{b \in B_{1}}^{\quad}{X_{1}\left( {b,s} \right)}} + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{2}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{2}\left( {b,s} \right)} + {X_{2}\left( {b,{s + 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + \ldots + {\sum\limits_{b \in B_{k}}^{\quad}\left\lbrack {{X_{k}\left( {b,s} \right)} + {X_{k}\left( {b,{s + 1}} \right)} + \ldots + {X_{k}\left( {b,{s + k - 1}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} + {Z(s)}} = 1.$

The empty space constraints include requiring one or more empty slots below or above a given component according to the fourth input variables, SpaceBelow_(b) and SpaceAbove_(b). The constraint of requiring one empty slot below a given component may be given by X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s+1) for s=1, 2, . . . , H−1. This constraint is only imposed when an empty slot is required.

If two empty slots are required below the given component, the constraint becomes X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s+1) for s=1, 2, . . . , H−1 and X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s+2) for s=1, 2, . . . , H−2.

The constraint of requiring one empty slot above a given component may be given by X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s−k) for s=2, . . . , H+1. This constraint is only imposed when an empty slot is required.

If two empty slots are required above the component, the constraint becomes X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s+1) for s=1, 2, . . . , H−1 and X _(k)(b,s)≦Z(s+2) for s=1, 2, . . . , H−2.

While the foregoing has been with reference to particular embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes in these embodiments may be made without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims. 

1. A method of determining placement of components in a rack comprising the steps of: providing a rack height, a set of components, and a height for each component in the set of components; determining a placement of the components in the rack according to constraints; and evaluating the placement of the components according to an objective.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the constraints comprise: a rack height constraint which requires that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height; a single placement constraint which requires that each component be placed once and only once; and a non-overlapping constraint which requires that each slot in the rack be occupied by no more than a single component.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the constraints further comprise a height preference constraint which prefers that a first component be placed above a second component.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining placement of the components according to the constraints finds that at least one of the constraints cannot be met and further comprising the steps of: relaxing a particular constraint; and determining placement of the components according to remaining constraints.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of relaxing the particular constraint comprises providing a choice of relaxation constraints to a user and the user selecting the particular constraint from the choice of relaxation constraints.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a weight and a weight distribution for each component in the set of components.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of evaluating the placement of the components in the rack according to the objective comprises seeking a minimum height for the center of gravity.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of evaluating the placement of the components in the rack according to the objective comprises ensuring that a height of the center of gravity does not exceed a selected height.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a placement height range for a particular component, wherein the placement height range comprises a minimum height and a maximum height.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the placement height range is increased, thereby forming an increase in the placement height range, and further wherein a penalty is applied to the objective according to the increase in the placement height range.
 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing an empty space requirement for a particular component.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the empty space requirement is selected from the group consisting of an empty space requirement above the particular component and an empty space component below the particular component.
 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the empty space requirement is relaxed, thereby forming a relaxation of the empty space requirement, and further wherein a penalty is applied to the objective according to the relaxation of the empty space requirement.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of determining and evaluating the placement of the components comprise the step of employing a mixed integer programming technique.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of employing the mixed integer programming technique employs a heuristic approach.
 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising a contiguous placement constraint for at least two of the components within the set of components.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of determining the placement of the components in the rack according to the constraints comprises forming a virtual component from the at least two components according to the contiguous placement constraint and further wherein remaining constraints determine placement of the virtual component.
 18. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of evaluating the placement of the components according to a second objective.
 19. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of evaluating the placement of the components according to additional objectives.
 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the constraints comprise hard constraints.
 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the objective comprises a soft constraint.
 22. The method of claim 1 wherein the objective comprises a sum of soft constraints.
 23. A method of determining placement of components in a rack comprising the steps of: providing a rack height, a set of components, and, for each component in the set of components, a height, a weight, and a weight distribution; determining a placement of the components in the rack according to constraints, wherein the constraints comprise: a rack height constraint which requires that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height; a single placement constraint which requires that each component be placed once and only once; and a non-overlapping constraint which requires that each slot in the rack be occupied by no more than a single component; and evaluating the placement of the components by seeking a minimum height for a center of gravity of the components.
 24. A computer readable memory comprising computer code for directing a computer to make a determination of placement of components in a rack, the determination of the placement of the components comprising the steps of: obtaining a rack height, a set of components, and a height for each component in the set of components; determining a placement of the components in the rack according to constraints; and evaluating the placement of the components according to an objective.
 25. The computer readable memory of claim 24 wherein the constraints comprise: a rack height constraint which requires that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height; a single placement constraint which requires that each component be placed once and only once; and a non-overlapping constraint which requires that each slot in the rack be occupied by no more than a single component.
 26. The computer readable memory of claim 24 wherein the step of determining placement of the components according to the constraints finds that at least one of the constraints cannot be met and further comprising the steps of: relaxing a particular constraint; and determining placement of the components according to remaining constraints.
 27. The computer readable memory of claim 26 wherein the step of relaxing the particular constraint comprises providing a choice of relaxation constraints to a user and the user selecting the particular constraint from the choice of relaxation constraints.
 28. The computer readable memory of claim 24 further comprising the step of obtaining a weight and a weight distribution for each component in the set of components.
 29. The computer readable memory of claim 28 wherein the step of evaluating the placement of the components in the rack according to the objective comprises seeking a minimum height for the center of gravity.
 30. The computer readable memory of claim 28 wherein the step of evaluating the placement of the components in the rack according to the objective comprises ensuring that a height of the center of gravity does not exceed a selected height.
 31. The computer readable memory of claim 24 wherein the step of evaluating the placement of the components comprises the step of employing a mixed integer programming technique.
 32. The computer readable memory of claim 31 wherein the step of employing the mixed integer programming technique employs a heuristic approach.
 33. A computer readable memory comprising computer code for directing a computer to make a determination of placement of components in a rack, the determination of the placement of the components comprising the steps of: obtaining a rack height, a set of components, and, for each component in the set of components, a height, a weight, and a weight distribution; determining a placement of the components in the rack according to constraints, wherein the constraints comprise: a rack height constraint which requires that placement of a particular component does not result in a top height of the particular component exceeding the rack height; a single placement constraint which requires that each component be placed once and only once; and a non-overlapping constraint which requires that each slot in the rack be occupied by no more than a single component; and evaluating the placement of the components by seeking a minimum height for a center of gravity of the components. 